Peace Essay :: essays research papers

China and Iran: Transition to Democracy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the course of history, there have been Communist, Socialist, Democratic governments and dictatorships, but the most equitable form of government has been Democracy. All these different forms of government have been successful at some time, but in today’s world in order for the process of democratization to succeed, many factors have to be favorable for success to be achieved. In this essay, the democratization of China and Iran will be discussed. One has been successful where the other has not emerged. The process and factors that lead to their present outcomes will be discussed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The democratization of China had been a very slow process. China’s process of democratization has been long in coming, â€Å"for 160 years since the Opium War, China has struggled through countless tortuous paths in pursuit of democratization. Millions of people with lofty ideals sacrificed for it; a number of them were killed by those who resisted democratization, but even more died as a result of internal conflicts.†1 These deaths were not in vain, they taught the people of China a very valuable lesson and after the Cultural Revolution(1966 to 1969), which was a crucial period when many political and social reforms were initiated, the people of China started to accept these political reforms. â€Å"The legitimacy of the Communist government had been exhausted. Cultural Revolution raised questions to the Chinese about the legitimacy of the former communist regime.†2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were many events that led to the democratization. The incident at Tiananmen Square was a major event (June 1989) in twentieth century Chinese history, as well as one of the causes of the downfall of communism in many countries. During this incident students marched and demonstrated against the CCP. It was watched by the world via television, it marked the beginning of the third period of modern Chinese foreign policy. The first was coterminous with Mao Zedong’s rule, 1949-1976, and the second was coterminous with the economic reform movement of 1977-1988, led by Deng Xiaoping. Under Mao, Beijing’s foreign policy was determined mostly by domestic factors. The first of these was revolutionary politics. The most important domestic change was replacement of Maoist radicalism by Dengist pragmatic moderation and a corresponding shift from the primacy of politics to that of economics. â€Å"Tiananmen symbolized the beginning of the end of communist r ule in China, contributed to the end of Marxism-Leninism globally, and affected China’s foreign relations in two ways.

Analysis of Sprint Nextel Essay

Sprint Nextel Corporation is principally a holding company operating principally through two divisions: Wireline and Wireless. Incorporated in 1938, Sprint is a communications company offering a range of wireless and wireline communications products and services that are designed and marketed to individual consumers, businesses, government subscribers and resellers. Its operations are organized to meet the needs of its targeted subscriber groups through focused communications solutions that incorporate the capabilities of its wireless and wireline services. Its services are provided through its ownership of extensive wireless networks, an all-digital global long distance network. The Company offers wireless and wireline voice and data transmission services to subscribers in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands under the Sprint corporate brand, which includes its retail brands of Sprint, Nextel, Boost Mobile, Virgin Mobile, and Assurance Wireless on networks that utilize third generation (3G) code division multiple access (CDMA), integrated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN), or Internet protocol (IP) technologies. The Company also offers fourth generation (4G) services utilizing Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) technology through its mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) wholesale relationship with Clearwire Corporation and its subsidiary Clearwire Communications LLC (together Clearwire) and, in October 2011, it announced its focus to deploy Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology as part of its network modernization plan, Network Vision. Sprint Nextel’s headquarters are located in Overland Park, Kansas, United States. Dan Hesse is the President and C. E. O.  Sprint is a tier 1 global Internet access service provider. Sprint Nextel is the United States’ third largest long distance provider by subscribers. In 2006, the Sprint Nextel exited the local landline telephone business, spinning those assets off into a newly created company named Embarq, which CenturyTel acquired in 2008. Sprint owns a 47. 1% interest in Clearwire Corporation and also an 18% interest in NII Holdings, which operates under the Nextel brand in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Peru. Sprint Nextel was the first to offer a consumer available 4G phone, the HTC Evo 4G, in the United States on June 4, 2010. Prior to 2005, the company was known as Sprint Corporation. The company took its current name, Sprint Nextel Corporation, when it merged with Nextel Communications that year. Financial Performance for Periods 2008-2010 Over the three years under review, Sprint Nextel Corp. has revenue has dropped from $35. 6B in 2008 to $32. 2B in 2009, with a modest increase to 32. 5B in 2010. But overall Sprint revenue has been fairly consistent. Gross Profit margin has also been on a downward trend year over year; 2008 53%, 49% and 46%. Despite this trend Sprint has been performing better than the industry benchmark of 41%. EBITDA/Operating Income Margin has been consistently negative from -2. 44% in 2008 to -3. 15% in 2009, and -1. 63% in 2010. While this statistic is very worrisome, the company has been able to reduce selling, general and administrative costs over the three years from $11. 355B in 2008, to $9. 438B in 2009, to $9. 438B in 2010. Though this cost reduction imitative is very encouraging, Net Losses have been going in the wrong direction, increasing from-$2. 796B in 2008, to -$2. 436B, and -$3. 465B. Sprint’s debt ratio has hovered between 65% in 2008 to 71% in 2010. The company’s creditors would be concerned that there is not a greater cushion against losses in the event of liquidation, stockholders on the other hand would want more leverage because it magnifies expected earnings. Stockholders would be very concerned on the company’s return on common equity: which are -14. 03% in 2008, -13. 46% in 2009, and -23. 82% in 2010. From a cash perspective, Sprint has been managing it cash resources relatively well. There have been massive investments over this period most of which have capital expenditure ($3. 8B in 2008, $1. B in 2009, and $1. 9B in 2010). These investments in capital expenditure, highlights the firm’s serious emphasis on growing its product base, and improving the functionality and seamless integration of its technology. Stock Performance for Periods 2008-2010 Sprint’s stock price at the close of market in 2010 was $3. 77 which represents a 79. 31% drop from the period high price of $10. 53 at January 02 2008. The company’s stock price has reflected its struggling financial performance. The stock current 52 week range has been $2. 10-$4. 60, and beta of 1. 09. The stock beta measures the volatility of the security in relation to the volatility of the benchmark market indice (which in this case is the overall financial market) that the stock is being compared to. Beta measures the part of the asset’s statistical variance that cannot be removed by the diversification provided by the portfolio of many risky assets, because of the correlation of its returns with the returns of the other assets that are in the portfolio. Sprint’s stock Beta estimate Beta is calculated using regression analysis. A beta of 1 indicates that the security’s price will move with the market. A beta of less than 1 means that the security will be less volatile than the market. Sprint’s beta of greater than 1 indicates that the security’s price will be more volatile than the market by 9%. However three of Sprint’s major competitors have signficantly better beta estimates; AT&T 0. 58, Verizon 0. 51 & Duetsche Telekom 0. 71 (Average Industry Beta 0. 60). When measured against the Industry, Sprint’s stock has more volatility and is more susceptible market forces. Conversely, most high-tech Nasdaq-based stocks have a beta of greater than 1, offering the possibility of a higher rate of return, but also posing more risk.

Conflict Resolution Is A Key Tenet Of Most Of The World s...

Conflict resolution is a key tenet of most of the world’s major religions. Each of the religions addresses the subject: whether directly, indirectly, or symbolically. Amongst the examples in many of the religious texts include the ending of wars, resolving oppression and the making of peace amongst many people. What also makes conflict resolution a key facet of religion is that it can lead to order from chaotic conditions, allowing for the unification of many people in the absence of other means of effective governance and in perpetuating a group of people’s survival for resources. However, it is long known that there is a constant struggle and conflict between the religions in various regions throughout the world. Conflict resolution within the five major religions has allowed for the expansion of individual religions but has placed it into conflict with other major religions. War and conflict has been recorded throughout human’s history with many resea rchers preforming studies that show the human species nurture, crave and enjoys conflict, war and killing. The human is the most sophisticated and intelligent being on the planet with our ability to critically think and reason. Humans remember the past, think of the future, and perpetuate our own survival far beyond what is imprinted in our DNA as instinct. We are cognizant of the afterlife and spirituality. The trepidation of death makes the human species extremely venerable to fear, driving us to seek divineShow MoreRelatedReligion Is A Double Edged Sword2565 Words   |  11 Pagesaware, religion is a double-edged sword. It can cause conflict or it can abate it. All too often, the religious contribution to social evolution has been characterized by intolerance, divisiveness, and resistance to change. With so much emphasis on religion as a source of conflict, the role of religion as a force in peacemaking is usually overlooked. One of the critical elements for a culture of pea ce is social justice. Perceptions of injustice lead to discontent, non-cooperation, conflict, civilRead MoreWays to Prevent and Resolve Violent Conflict Essay example1008 Words   |  5 PagesViolent Conflict To prevent and resolve violent conflict we must understand the sources and logic of war. Two schools of thought currently dominate thinking on the causes of contemporary conflict. The first sees violence as a response to a range of grievances including systematic discrimination and human rights violations, inequalities in wealth and political power, or a scarcity of resources, particularly where these fall along existing social cleavages such as ethnicity or religion. TheRead MoreAfrican Leaders Established The Organisation Of African Africa8602 Words   |  35 Pages1975 Angolan civil war and the Somalia invasion of Ethiopia 1978, besides most African economies were on the decline, these issues among others weakened the competence of the OAU. Beginning of 1999 certain leaders began to question why the OAU failed to prevail and resolve the social ills that afflicted Africa (Bujra 2002) Therefore, the OAU was scrapped and the African Union was established on 9th July 2002 with the key objective of upholding peace, security and stability on the African continentRead MoreAn Investigation Into Regional Integration : A Case Study Of The Sudan Conflict4424 Words   |  18 PagesAn investigation into Regional Integration as a solution to Conflicts in Africa African Union promotion of Peace and Security in Africa: A case study of the Sudan Conflict. Introduction In the 21st Century, the African continent leaders wanted to establish a more united continent. It is for this reason that the African leaders established the Organisation of African Unity in 1963, with the purpose of eradicating colonialism in Africa, and harmonize and deepen collaboration efforts of member statesRead MoreSheikh Zayed9912 Words   |  40 PagesS HEIKH ZAYED BIN SULTAN AL NAHYAN A ibute l Tr ecia Sp SHEIKH ZAYED BIN SULTAN AL NAHYAN – A SPECIAL TRIBUTE S HEIKH ZAYED BIN SULTAN AL NAHYAN ON 2 NOVEMBER 2004, HIS HIGHNESS SHEIKH ZAYED BIN SULTAN AL NAHYAN, President of the United Arab Emirates and Ruler of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, died. He was in his late eighties and had been Ruler of Abu Dhabi since 1966, and UAE President since the formation of the Federation on 2 December 1971. He was succeeded as Ruler of AbuRead MoreUnderstanding Conflict Through Sociological Perspective Essay5342 Words   |  22 Pagesï » ¿Understanding Conflict Through Sociological Perspective Table of Contents 1. Acknowledgements 2 2. Table of contents 3 3. Introduction 4 4. Objectives 5 5. Research Methodology 5 6. What is Conflict? 6 7. Works of Karl Marx 9 8. Conflict of interest 12 9. Conflict perspective in sociology 13 10. In classical sociology 14 11. Modern approaches 17 12Read MorePhilippine Social and Political Issues3235 Words   |  13 PagesProviding For a National Policy on Reproductive Health and Population and Development  introduced by Senator  Miriam Defensor Santiago. While there is general agreement about its provisions on maternal and child health, there is great debate on its key proposal that the Filipino taxpayer and the private sector will fund and undertake widespread distribution of family planning devices such as  birth control pills  (BCPs) and  IUDs, as the government continues to disseminate information on their use throughRead MoreValue Based Leadership and Spirituality in the Workplace6185 Words   |  25 PagesValues | 2 | | 2.3 Values and leadership | 3 | | 2.4 Values, leadership and behaviour in organisations | 3 | | 2.5 Spirituality | 4 | 3. | WHY VALUES AND SPIRITUALITY HAVE BECOME SO IMPORTANT | 5 | 4. | SPIRITUALITY VERSUS RELIGION, AND RELIGION IN THE WORKPLACE | 6 | 5. | GOOD LEADERSHIP VALUES | 7 | 6. | VALUE-BASED AND SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP AND OTHER LEADERSHIP THOERIES | 8 | 7. | IMPLEMENTING VALUE-BASED LEADERSHIP | 9 | | 7.1 The role of the leader | 9 | | 7.2 SpecificRead MoreBlack Naturalism and Toni Morrison: the Journey Away from Self-Love in the Bluest Eye8144 Words   |  33 Pagespostmodernism with its emphasis on race, class and gender, but the theory of naturalism as well: the idea that one s social and physical environments can drastically affect one s nature and potential for surviving and succeeding in this world. In this article, I will explore Toni Morrison s The Bluest Eye from a naturalistic perspective; however, while doing so I will propose that because Morrison s novels are distinctly black and examine distinctly black issues, we must expand or deconstruct the traditionalRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 PagesNSL READING CHAPTER 1: National Security Law and the Role of Tipson 1 CHAPTER 2: Theoretical approaches to national security world order 4 CHAPTER 3: Development of the International Law of Conflict Management 5 CHAPTER 4: The Use of Force in International Relations: Norms Concerning the Initiation of Coercion (JNM) 7 CHAPTER 5: Institutional Modes of Conflict Management 17 The United Nations System 17 Proposals for Strengthening Management Institutional Modes of Conduct 23 CHAPTER

Financial Returns in Shares - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1025 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Here are the descriptive statistics for the following four shares: Allied Domecq Aviva Barclays BOC Group Allied Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Returns in Shares" essay for you Create order Aviva Barclays BOC Mean 0.034927 0.019586 0.053065 0.041042 Standard error 0.016635 0.018953 0.01532 0.017607 Median 0.022258 0.014174 0.054806 0.034762 Mode #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A Standard Deviation 0.083174 0.094767 0.076599 0.088034 Sample Variance 0.006918 0.008981 0.005867 0.00775 Range 0.323539 0.440406 0.315845 0.367016 Minimum -0.09075 -0.24905 -0.10914 -0.12904 Maximum 0.232789 0.191359 0.206701 0.237978 Sum 0.873169 0.489661 1.326634 1.026045 Count 25 25 25 25 From the above statistics I can draw the following comments. Looking at the mean I can see that returns from Aviva are the lowest. The highest average returns are from Barclays. However, all average returns seem to be at a similar level. Looking at the median supports this observation. The median shows Aviva having the lowest returns and Barclays having the highest. There is no data for the mode, but all this means is that no return is the same as another. Looking at the standard deviation and range I can see that returns from Aviva seem to be the most variable as Aviva has the biggest deviation and the biggest range. Barclays seems to have the least variable returns, as the standard deviation and the range for this share are the lowest of the four. In conclusion, I can say that Barclays has the best returns and Aviva has the lowest returns. Looking at this histogram I can say that it appears to be symmetrically distributed. The average return seems to be in the middle and returns lower at either end. This chart looks to be roughly symmetrical. The only difference to the chart above id the fact that the middle value is low. Also, there is one value well away from the other values. This chart again seems to be symmetrical. However, there are 3 values with the same frequency. This makes the chart more positively skewed than the others. This chart is again pretty much symmetrically distributed. In this chart there are more values than the other charts. This could mean that this share has greater range. Looking at all the charts I can say that the common return is between 0.5 and 0.1. This seems to be the average for all shares. Correlation: Allied Aviva Barclays BOC Allied 1 Aviva 0.234587 1 Barclays 0.222791 0.343281 1 BOC 0.203977 0.038567 0.258946 1 Looking at the above correlation table I can say that all the shares have positive correlation with each other, however, the correlation is low. The highest correlation seems to be with Aviva and BOC. The lowest correlation is between Allied and BOC. There would appear to be very little correlation between these shares. This is probably because of the fact that each company is in a different industry. The following table shows the statistics for the Jarque-Bera test: Allied 22.8406 Aviva 8.227033 Barclays 16.18868 BOC 8.631524 The test statistic I am using is at the 99% confidence level and is 10.6. Thus, the null hypothesis that the distribution is normally distributed will be rejected if the Jarque-Bera statistic is higher than 10.6. From the above table I can see that Aviva and BOC are normally distributed and Barclays and Allied are not. In terms of market efficiency this has great levels of implication. Models of market efficiency such as EMH state that returns are based on a normal distribution. If the Jarque-Bera statistic is stating that returns are not normally distributed then EMH models can not be accurately used to estimate the future returns of such share prices. However, if share prices that are not normally distributed can be predicted with a high degree of accuracy then this could mean that markets are not as efficient as first thought. It could also imply that the models and theories used to estimate market efficiency are not as accurate and reliable as always thought. It could mean that new models and theories have to be thought up. I have looked at the relationship between the FTSE all share and Allied. I decided that Allied is the dependant variable and the FTSE all share is the independent variable. This is because the returns of Allied will be dependant upon the movement of the FTSE all share coupled with the beta of Allied. The beta of a company is a figure that determines how risky it is compared to the market in which it operates. A high beta will mean that the company follows the market closely and a low beta means the company follows the market only very slightly. A positive beat means that the company positively follows the movement of the market and a negative beta means that the company will move in the opposite direction of the market. The beta of a company can be worked out by performing a regression model with the returns of the stock as the dependant variable and the returns of the market as the independent variable. The following market model is generated: Return Allied = 0.013297 + 0.557 return FTSE all share The model states that Allied has a beta of 0.557. This means that it is positively correlated with the FTSE all share. When the FTSE all share goes up Allied will also go up at about 55.7% of the movement of the FTSE all share. However, if the FTSE all share moves down, Allied will also fall, but only at 55.7% of the overall fall of the FTSE all share. To work out the values needed for the following chart I used the returns of FTSE all share and placed them into the market model equation in part 3 to generate the returns for the market model. I then plotted the returns from the FTSE 100 in the same chart and generated the following graph: Looking at the above chart I can see that the returns from the market model closely follow the FTSE 100. In fact a movement of approximately a half by the market model mirrors each movement of the FTSE 100 line. This can be explained by the fact that the market model has a beta of 0.557. This means any movement in the FTSE 100 will mean the market model moving in the same direction, but only at 55.7% of the FTSE 100. The movements of the market model will probably not be exactly 55.7% as this model was generated using the FTSE all share. The movements in the FTSE all share will be slightly different to the FTSE 100, which will distort the effects of the above chart slightly.

A Research Study On School Track And Field Coach - 883 Words

Deborah’s Brandt article, Sponsors of literacy, defines a sponsor of literacy to be â€Å"any agents, local or distant, concrete or abstract, who enable, support, teach, model as well as recruit, regulate, suppress, or withhold literacy- and gain an advantage by it in some way,†(Brandt 407) . Brandt is an English professor at the University of Wisconsin- Madison. My literacy sponsor would have to be my high school track and field coach. On October 2011 my parents sent me here to the states to further my education. Coming from Johannesburg, South Africa, where things were almost completely different. From the food, scenery, to the lifestyle, everything was completely different. I didn’t take any English classes, and we didn’t speak English at home, so I had no idea what people were saying or how to communicate. I was welcomed into the country by my coach (David Castel), who was the one I would be staying with for the duration of my time in high school. He was a good friend of my parents, and they had trusted him to put me through school. A smart, well-educated man, highly respected and regarded. David graduated from Georgetown, and attended grad school in Duke. He valued hard work, respect, and discipline more than anything, he believed that these three were the most important things when getting through life. A lot of the times when I first began school, I would be very irritated and mad that I couldn’t read or understand what people were saying. My coach set up a systemShow MoreRelatedThe On The Track And Field Community1131 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 1 Introduction There is a serious debate in the track and field community as to whether there is more benefit, namely increased distances, to be gained in the throwing events from improvements in technique versus improvements in strength. While this debate focuses primarily on the shot put and discus events, the events studied in this research, it is equally true for all the throwing events. As a significant part of the throwing community, the United States is thought of as a nation thatRead MoreDifferences Between Counselor, Msw, Pschologist, Psychiatrist, Therapist, Meditation Teacher1672 Words   |  7 Pagesapply to a person that leads a group at a children’s camp. Therefore simply being a counselor does not qualify anyone as a Mental Health Professional. The term counselor is very board, does not require licensure and everyone within the Human Service field is considered a counselor. Licensed Mental Health Professional differs mostly in the education and training they receive. Some of those differences are as follows: LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor or LMHC, Licensed Mental Health Counselor: Read MoreWhy Do You Want For Attending John Wesley Honors College?990 Words   |  4 Pagesresourceful servant leader. I have always had a passion for learning. As some kids dread school and learning, I have always been excited and intrigued by it. Learning answers and reasons why to questions has always interested me into discovering truth and ultimately lead to my successful academic career in high school. God has gifted me with this passion for learning and I wish to glorify God in my studies and onto my career later in life. This honors education is nationally renowned and Christ-centeredRead MoreWomen s High School Athletes1414 Words   |  6 Pagesuniversally. Women were eventually granted the right to play sports in the collegiate setting however there was no equality to the treatment within the athlete’s school and no treatment outside of it either (History 1). Until title IX was passed, women’s collegiate athletics were given no scholarships to award to exceptional high school athletes and those programs were given very little budget to fund their programs (Ibid 1). As a result of these shortcomings, in 1972 only 30,000 participated inRead MoreCoaches And Doctors Should Take More Caution With Concussed Athletes1725 Words   |  7 PagesCoaches and doctors should take more caution with concussed athletes when they get injured because concussions can affect their brain and functionality further in life. The most research is being taken from the adults who suffer concussions, but what about these adolescents? I think it would be harder to diagnose a concussion from adolescents so they should check these kids more and the way they play sports so the doctors can improve the injuries for further on in life. A concussion is traumaticRead MoreAthletes : Athletes And Athletes974 Words   |  4 PagesThe research behind this particular study showed that students whether non- athletes or athletes that attend RPI (religious practicing institutions) or those that attend NRPI (none religious practicing institutions) all vary in regarding to the strength of their religious faith. These results of the study were based upon four different questions that were used to keep the study with in the appropriate context. Both male and female athletes as well as non-athletes were chosen during psychology classesRead MoreNike Research Paper1947 Words   |  8 PagesNike Research Paper By, Mykle Rud The story of Nike and how it came about is remarkable in the sense of it was just a random idea that Phil Knight (now the CEO of Nike) was forced to come up with because of a business class Phil took at Stanford Graduate College. Now that is just a glimpse of the start of the company that would soon become the top sports apparel and sneaker producer for both male and female genders. I hope by the time this research paper is over you have an appreciation for whatRead More Ethnography Essays4047 Words   |  17 Pagesin the continual evolution of mankind. Competition took various forms throughout history from the bloody attempts to kill a mammoth in order to provide nourishment, to the violent battles between two opposing sides taking place on college football fields every Saturday afternoon. Another form of competition involving severe contact on a scale par with football is the sport of rugby. My personal history with the sport began in a medium sized island in Polynesia. I liv ed and worked in New ZealandRead MoreBerkeley Admissions Essay861 Words   |  4 PagesEarlier that evening, I was diagnosed with Type One Diabetes, a disease affecting 1 of 800 people in America. This was an especially crucial time in my life, considering I was diagnosed with Ulcerative Colitis—an autoimmune disease that attacks the GI track in 1 of 1400 Americans—the June before, and I had my Bar-Mitzvah in September. According to the Jewish religion, I had become an adult, and as such, I had decided to greet my new medical challenges with gusto, attempting to see the silver lining fromRead MoreIndividual Research Project : Cpa1055 Words   |  5 Pages Individual Research Project: CPA What is a CPA? A CPA is a certified public accountant whom is licensed by the state board of accountancy. A CPA licenses just as a law license symbolizes that concept of mastering the elements of the profession of accounting. In achieving such a licenses an accountant is recognized by peers, clients, government and the public for skills, dedication and quality of work. Accountants whom further their educations by becoming a CPA have a larger variety of opportunities

Us History Chapter 4 Notes. Free Essays

Chapter Four. African Slaves Build their Own Community in Coastal Georgia Slavery was originally prohibited in the original 1732 Georgia charter; the ban was lifted two decades later when Georgia became a Royal colony. By 1770, 15,000 slaves made up 80% of the population. We will write a custom essay sample on Us History Chapter 4 Notes. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rice was one of the most valuable commodities of mainland North America, surpassed only by tobacco and wheat. The Atlantic slave trade grew to match rice production. Saltwater† slaves (slaves taken from Africa, rather than â€Å"country born†) were inspected and branded on coastal forts in Africa, shipped overseas (where many died), then sold and marched to plantations Mortality rates were high for slaves, especially infants. Overseers could legally punish slaves and even murder them. Many slaves run and some rebel. Most slaves remained enslaved, but built up families and communities, mixing African traditions with their new homeland. The Beginnings of African Slavery Slavery has long been a part of Mediterranean Europe; Venetian and Genoese traders sold captured Slavics (the word slave derives from them), Muslims, and Africans. Enslaving Christians, but not Africans or Muslims, disturbed many Europeans. Portuguese expansion in West Africa was motivated by access to gold, wrought iron, ivory, tortoiseshells, textiles, and slaves (previously dominated by the Moors, or Spanish Muslims). European slaves left the slave hunting to the African traders. Sugar and Slavery Slaves were imported to work sugar plantations in Hispaniola and Brazil, among other islands. The Dutch expanded the European sugar market, leading France and England to start island sugar colonies as well. West Africans Marriage kinship ties, practicing polygamy, characterized societies on the West African coast. Women enjoyed social and economic independence. Shifting cultivation, cultivating land for several years then moving on while the cleared land lay fallow, helped build up African communities and commerce, creating states and kingdoms. Kingdoms on the coast were the ones who first traded with the Portuguese. Slavery in African society was much freer; slaves were treated as family members rather than possessions, were allowed to marry, and had freeborn children. The African Slave Trade The Demography of the Slave Trade 10-12 million slaves were transported to the Americas during the slave trade. 76% of slaves arrived from 1701-1810, the peak years of the slave trade. Half went to Dutch, French, or British plantations in the Caribbean, a third to Portuguese Brazil, and a tenth to Spanish America. About 5% went to the North American British colonies. With the exception of the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763, a world war between the French and their allies versus the British and their allies), the slave trade continued to become more important to the colonies up to the Revolution. There were twice as many male African slaves as female; most slaves were young, between 15 and 30, and represented nearly every West African ethnic group. Slavers of All Nations All western European nations participated in the slave trade, shipping slaves from coastal outposts and, later, through independent American and European traders. The Shock of Enslavement Many slave traders lived permanently in coastal outposts and married local women, reinforcing commercial ties through family relations. Many slaves resented African involvement in the slave trade. Most Africans were enslaved through warfare. As the demand for slaves increased, slave raids pressed deeper into the continent. Captives would wait in dungeons or pens called â€Å"barracoons†, separated from family and people of the same ethnic group to discourage rebellion, before being branded with the mark of their buyer. The Middle Passage The â€Å"Middle Passage† referred to the middle part of the trade triangle from England to Africa to America back to England. Historians estimate that 1 in 6 slaves died from the unsanitary conditions, extreme crowding, and diseases. Many committed suicide as an act of rebellion on the slave ships. Captains resorted to putting netting over the side of their ships. Arrival in the New World When the slaves arrived, their captors would parade them around to impress buyers. Slaves would be sold at auctions or during a â€Å"scramble†, where prices were pre-set and the buyers would rush the slaves in a corral and take their pick. Political and Economic Effects on Africa The African slave trade eventually weakened Africa as a whole. The slave raiding was depopulating Africa as many died during the raids and the rest were sent off to be sold. The arrival of European goods stifled local manufacturing while agriculture lost labor. The slave trade allowed for the political, economic, and military conquest of Africa. The Development of North American Slave Societies Slavery comes to North America The first slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619. Slaves cost twice as much as indentured servants, but had about the same life span in the disease-ridden Chesapeake. Consequently, most planters employed more indentured servants than slaves. This was termed society with slaves, where slavery was just one form of labor. In this type of society, the status of black Virginians was ambiguous; many owned slaves and land themselves, even with the lack of religious distinction among them. In slave society, slavery is the dominant form of labor. As indentured servants became scarce as less English immigrated, their labor was replaced with slavery. Slavery was strengthened by making slave-status inheritable through their mother’s status (letting white male owners take slave mistresses), ending Christian baptism from changing conditions of servitude, and by making the killing of a slave a non-felony. The Tobacco Colonies The growth of tobacco required the growth of the slave trade. The natural growth of the slaver population served to increase the profits of their owners, and so was encouraged. The Lower South Settlement in the south was a slave society from the outset, using native slaves. However, this soon shifted to African slaves as the South began producing more rice. Slavery in the Spanish Colonies Spanish settlements employed slaves, the most benign form being the kind in Florida, which resembled the system in use in Mediterranean and African society. Spain declared Florida a haven for fugitives to weaken southern English colonies. In New Mexico, however, Spain used native slaves, though in a more restrained way to prevent another Pueblo Uprising. Spain captured â€Å"infidel Indians† such as the Apaches or nomads from the Great Plains and enslaved them, using them as house servants or fieldworkers. French Louisiana Slaves were heavily used in Louisiana agriculture until the Natchez Rebellion, with slaves making up no more than a third of the population. Only when the 18th century ended did slavery make a return, in force. Slavery in the North Slavery was universally accepted in the colonies. Among the rich, ownership of slaves was almost universal as well. The Quakers were the first to oppose slavery, but they would not gain traction until the Revolution. African to African American The Daily Life of Slaves Slaves were provided with scant clothing. In the South, where large numbers of slaves were needed, the concentration of slaves allowed for the emergence of communities, despite the harsh working conditions imposed on them on the large plantations. Families and Communities Families were the most important unit in African American culture, but the slave codes did not allow for legal slave marriage. Families were often broken up by sale. Naming practices reinforced family ties to overcome forced separations. Emotional, and especially kinship ties, formed the basis of African American society. African American Culture Most slaves were not Christian until the Great Awakening, due to the reluctance of their masters. One significant practice occurred in their burial rituals. African Americans created dialects by mixing English with native African languases. The Africanization of the South Southerners were influenced by African American culture, changing their diet, their art, language, music, and dance. Violence and Resistance Slavery rested on the threat of violence, even among â€Å"humane† slave owners like George Washington. Many slaves resisted through refusing to cooperate, destroying property, and by running away. Runaways would create communities called â€Å"maroons†, from the Spanish â€Å"cimmaron† (wild, untamed). They would intermingle with the Florida Creeks, creating the Seminole tribe, derived from the corruption of cimmaron. Revolts occurred in the colonies, but not on the scale of Jamaica, Guiana, or Brazil; the family and community ties slaves established made them less likely to revolt. Slavery and Empire Slavery the Mainspring The slave colonies accounted for 95% of all American exports to Great Britain from 1714-1773. Slavery helped the British economy in three ways. Slavery created capital, which funded economic expansion. Second, it created the raw materials necessary for the Industrial Revolution. Third, it created large colonial markets for British-made goods. The Politics of Mainspring Mercantilism, an economic system where the government intervenes to increase the national wealth, was the dominant economic theory in Europe. Mercantilists viewed commerce as a zero-sum game with clear winners and losers vying for a fixed amount of trade and wealth. Wars for Empire European wars spilled over into conflicts for colonial supremacy. In Queen Anne’s War, Great Britain won the war against France and Spain, gaining exclusive rights to supply slaves to its American colonies. British Colonial Regulation Mercantilists used state-run monopolies to manage commerce. The British used colonial regulations to make their American colonies markets for British manufacturing goods and exporters of commodities that the British would resell at profit. Most did not complain about the British economic policies until the 1760s. The Colonial Economy Mercantilism served to enrich the white colonists by giving them a protected market to sell and market their goods (sometimes by violating their own regulations). Slavery provided the capital to expand Northern port cities. Slavery and Freedom The Social Structure of the Slave Colonies Slavery provided the conditions necessary t o improve the life of the white settlers. Colonies were ruled by the self-perpetuating planter elite, which owned 60% of the wealth and half the land. The Southern landowners supported them. Under them were the landless colonists. White Skin Privilege White colonists gained a special status through the exploitation of race. Blacks were subject to a number of harsh penalties that did not apply to whites, including a ban on interracial marriage and sexual relations (refer to Thomas Jefferson). Even freedmen did not share equal rights. This set up barriers among the working class, including slaves and the landless colonists, who otherwise may have united against the moneyed classes if not for racial prejudice. How to cite Us History Chapter 4 Notes., Papers

Conflict And Negotiation Organizational Foundations - Click On Sample

Question: Describe about the Conflict and Negotiation for Organizational Foundation. Answer: Important changes in the healthcare market, and the implications for Becton Dickinson (BD) and its BDVS division Healthcare market is always in the urge of changing or upgrading its techniques to make the life easy for any kind of analysis like testing, collection of samples, their preservation and transportation. In todays generation varieties of vacutainers for blood collection, liquid sample collection using swabs, needles, syringes etc. including various pharmaceutical products and diabetic products have also been upgraded. The changes are also seen in medical, microbiological, industrial sciences and other non-medical care products (Burns, 2014). Because of this development there are many companies emerging with their own products and few implications are to be faced by Becton Dickinson and its division as it was the leading company in providing all the medical related stuff to any organization, hospital, laboratories etc. the companies started compromising for the money and using the products available for lower price than the BD company. They even compromised with the quality of medical care products. By doing so the BD Company has faced a crash in all its shares around 20% and other companies are profited more than 20% (Brett, 2013). It eventually had to make different products from other companies and promote it through sales by investing huge amounts to regain its place in the market. Importance of the APG contract for BDVS, things that are at stake for BDVS winning or losing the contract APG stands for Affiliated Purchasing Group which is an organization based centrally and many shareholders are included under this group (Booth et al., 2016). This programs main motto is to supply quality products at lowest price and they believe In Unity, there is strength. They offered their services by making agreement with many medical equipment suppliers. So it is eventually necessary for the BDVS division to win the contract and make a fair agreement to make themselves and their products sustainable in the market. There were few negotiations faced by BDVS division from APG for lowering the price of products in purchasing of needles and tubes. Meanwhile APG has acquired agreement with Terumo (Caputo Ayoko, 2016). But BDVS in the meantime started promoting their sales and hence could withstand in the market in those hospitals which were APGs affiliated. Later BDVS sales in terms of venous blood collection tubes have increased by getting contract from the APG. If contract was not retained then to sustain their business in the market was a big question mark (Booth et al., 2016). Importance of each aspect of the negotiations (pricing, brand name, and delivery terms) for each party explicitly and implicitly involved (APG, its member hospitals, BDVS, BDVS distributors, and competing suppliers) Becton Dickinson was a leading company in healthcare products since ancient times as it has retained its brand name by maintaining quality and by providing advance medical products for all the required fields at the cost effective range. The sales team of BD is quite smart in getting the business to the company (Booth et al., 2016). They acted wisely before APG could hold back their business and drop their shares. Because of the brand name and pricing they made their way to individual hospitals and fixed the negotiations for which the APG has to come down and make the contract with the BDVS division. A big deal was made by the BDVS division after management announced a new scheme of blood collecting products in the APG affiliated hospitals (Brett, 2013). As per the analysis things that BDVS should do According to my views, the BDVS has always taken the right path of keeping their business in market. It has chosen the option of promoting their products in the various fields which is the best idea to be considered for. But since it already has its brand name it could easily get its position back in the market (Booth et al., 2016). Because in these days the quality and the advanced technology rated companies are given prior importance. So though if BDVS was not included under the APG group it would have made its market because the competitors are not well organized with their products but it would have taken sometime. But finally it has proved its brand name by making APG to know their business abilities. References Burns, J. S. J. (2014). Conflict and Negotiation.Organizational Leadership: Foundations and Practices for Christians, 171. Brett, J. M. (2013). Culture and Negotiation: Three Models. Booth, A., Crouter, A. C., Clements, M. L., Boone-Holladay, T. (Eds.). (2016).Couples in Conflict: Classic Edition. Routledge. Caputo, A., Ayoko, O. B. (2016). The role of cultural intelligence in negotiation and conflict management: a conceptual model.